Essay on Models of Corrections - 1625 Words

â€Å"The history of correctional thought and practice has been marked by enthusiasm for new approaches, disillusionment with these approaches, and then substitution of yet other tactics†(Clear 59). During the mid 1900s, many changes came about for the system of corrections in America. Once a new idea goes sour, a new one replaces it. Prisons shifted their focus from the punishment of offenders to the rehabilitation of offenders, then to the reentry into society, and back to incarceration. As times and the needs of the criminal justice system changed, new prison models were organized in hopes of lowering the crime rates in America. The three major models of prisons that were developed were the medical, model, the community model, and the crime†¦show more content†¦Some people may not have a psychological disorder that put them in prison and others may never recover from their illness. This program is a good idea if combined with other forms of punishment as well. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next big idea in the system of corrections was the idea of the community model. This model was created during the 1960s after movements such as the Civil Rights Movement, the war on poverty, and the resistance to the Vietnam war showed that social and political values have a major impact on the criminal justice system. The community model of corrections was based on the assumption that the criminal justice system should aim at reintegrating the offender into the community(Clear 56). This model of corrections focused on alternatives to incarceration such as probation or parole. Officials felt that prisons were to be avoided because they were artificial institutions that interfered with the offender’s ability to develop a crime free lifestyle(Clear 56). Many thought that incarceration was a negative influence on criminals because it took away the skills needed to successfully become a part of society once released.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Under this program, an offender would work with a counselor to find a job, and money so that they were not left to the streets. When their sentence was up, they may be put in a half way house for monitoring how well they were adapting to society. This system failed during the 1970s whenShow MoreRelatedModels of Corrections Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesthe system of corrections in America. Once a new idea goes sour, a new one replaces it. Prisons shifted their focus from the punishment of offenders to the rehabilitation of offenders, then to the reentry into society, and back to incarceration. As times and the needs of the criminal justice system changed, new prison models were organized in hopes of lowering the crime rates in America. The three major models of prisons that were developed were the medical, model, the community model, and the crimeRead More Models of Corrections Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay provides answers to the following prompts: 1. What is the community model of corrections? 2. What is the crime control model of corrections? 3. What are the differences between prisons and jails? 4. What is your opinion about the constitutional rights of prisoners? 1. What is the community model of corrections? This model of corrections main purpose was to reintroducing the offenders in to the community. This Program was invented to help offenders in the transition fromRead MoreThe Effect Of Monetary Policy On Determination Of Coal Prices1013 Words   |  5 Pagesvariables. Since the Johansen method is sensitive to changes in lag structure, the lag length for the model is carefully selected using likelihood ratio tests (Doornik and Hendry, 1994). The sequential pairwise equivalence of models from ten- to nine- and eight-lags is rejected at the 10% level. However, the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between a seven- and a six-lag model cannot be rejected; hence, a lag length of seven months is used for further analysis. Table 2 reports theRead MoreCorrections: From Rehabilitation to a More Punitive Model Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Sameer Noori 24 November 2014 Corrections Paper What changes led corrections away from rehabilitation and toward a more punitive model? Since World War II through the 1970s, many changes occurred in the United States correctional systems. Rehabilitation Model is a treatment program that was designed to reform the inmates. According to www.copower.org, â€Å"This model is similar to the medical model; it regards the person with a disability as in need of services from a rehabilitation professional whoRead MoreForecasting Using Eviews2841 Words   |  12 Pagesused as a leading indicator for the former, to improve on the forecast obtained by the univariate model. Both variables are collected over a time range from January 1985 until and including December 1997, whereas the last year is not used for constructing the optimal forecast, obtained by fitting a model through the data until the end of 1996. This will enable us to forecast the year 1997 using our model, and then comparing it to the actual data. Assuming no large one time shock, meaning that it isRead MoreThe Medical Model, Community Model And The Crime Contro l Model869 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity corrections is continually changing and has been for the past one hundred years. From the early to mid-twentieth century onward it has used three major models, the medical model, community model, and the crime control model. The major turning point for the American community corrections system that led to corrections as we know it today was in 1974 when What Works? - Questions and Answers About Prison Reform by Martinson was published. The system changed practically overnight acrossRead MoreDifferent Kinds Of Punishments And The Corrections System Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesIn Chapter 10 â€Å"Corrections†, it went over the history, different kinds of punishments, how it affected the inmates, and how the corrections system is now and how different it has changed since the first penitentiary. Being in prison has always been an act of punishment and gives time to the inmate to reflect their actions. Prison isn’t a place to relax and enjoy oneself, an inmate needs to do work or will suffer the consequences. We will look more into the different kinds of systems and how we gotRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The Correctional System910 Words   |  4 Pagesof punishment American reformers argued that they should embrace a more rational and humanistic approach. The Pennsylvania Systems, or penitence model, was based on the ideas of Quakers and there concept of penance. A penitentiary became a place where prisoners could reflect on their offenses and repent and thus undergo reformation. (History Of Corrections In America, 2011). In this system inmates were classified by their offenses, confined separately at night, and worked during the day together inRead MoreElectrical Distribution Feeder Analysis1240 Words   |  5 Pagescalculations. To achieve this goal, the simulation package Matlab was used as the driving force behind the programming and calculating. Discussion 2.1 Individual Segment Modeling To simulate the feeder, the first thing needed is a model of each line segment. To construct this model, code can be written that computes the distances between conductors by using the configurations and conductor values given for each line segment. These results provide the information needed to create the primitive impedanceRead MoreThree Components Of The Criminal Justice System950 Words   |  4 Pagescriminal justice system are the police, courts, and corrections. These components operate independently of one another and maintain different goals, histories, and operating procedures (Neubauer Fradella, 2017). There are two commonly accepted models of the criminal justice system, the crime control model and due process model. These two models vary at the basic level, the crime control model aims to protect society at all costs while the due process model protects the rights of individual citizens (Neubauer

Effective Therapeutic Nurse Client Relationships With...

Suffering from a mental illness can be debilitating and overwhelming, not only for the client, but their family members, as well. As front-line workers, mental health nurses are responsible for developing a rapport and building a foundation with this particular population. In doing so, psychiatric nurses can positively impact client care outcomes, allowing the client to experience optimal levels of holistic care. Effective therapeutic nurse-client relationships with mental health clients must be developed and maintained by nursing staff in order to provide their clients with the best care possible. In fact, The Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO) states that â€Å"the therapeutic nurse-client relationship is central to all nursing†¦show more content†¦161). Furthermore, both Erikson’s and Freud’s psychodynamic theories indicate that trust is a basic, innate need in all human beings (Berk, 2012, p. 16). Thus, trust is a crucial component in all interpersonal relationships, especially the therapeutic nurse-client relationship with psychiatric patients. Additionally, it is vital for the psychiatric nurse to understand the importance of both the development and maintenance of the client’s trust within the therapeutic relationship. Without trust, the psychiatric nurse does not have a solid foundation on which to build upon in order to develop a therapeutic relationship with his or her clients. As a result, a lack of trust between client and nurse could result in the inability to develop a therapeutic relationship, negatively affecting the quality of patient care. In order to establish trust with his or her clients, the mental health nurse must act and present oneself in a manner that instills a positive feeling within the client from the first interaction. Nursing staff can accomplish this by: introducing him or herself in a professional manner, actively listening to client concerns, and clearly outlining relationship boundaries of both the staff and client. Mental health nurses can also instill trust in their clients by: following through on commitments, demonstrating honesty and consistency, and treating

Humans Are Responsible For Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Global heating is the following large impact that will convey about a alteration in the conditions forms. By definition, Global Warming is the addition in mean temperature that bit by bit warms the Earth ‘s ambiance. It is a phenomenon, which has been on the rise but in the last century, the addition in the degrees have been dismaying. We will write a custom essay sample on Humans Are Responsible For Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( George ChristodoulouA ,2006 ) .Global warming has caused a batch of alterations to the environment on a negative mode. Harmonizing to the survey by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , it is observed that the addition in planetary mean temperature has been caused due to an addition in nursery gas concentrations. ( Slashman, 2007 ) . Global heating can hold many different causes, but it is most normally associated with human intervention, specifically the release of inordinate sums of nursery gases. ( EPA, 2006 ) .It is either caused by either worlds or animate beings, or natural causes. Global heating is no more a myth but a fast approaching world, which in the long term will convey the much feared ice age that will pass over out all populating being on Earth. The latest IPCC study states â€Å" widespread mass losingss from glaciers and decreases in snow screen over recent decennaries are projected to speed up throughout the twenty-first century, cut downing H2O handiness, hydropower possible, and altering seasonality of flows in parts supplied by melt H2O from major mountain scopes ( e.g. Hindu-Kush, Himalaya, Andes ) , where more than one-sixth of the universe population presently lives. † ( Geneva, 2010 ) . Global heating has caused a major addition of heat towards the Earth ‘s ambiance and it is still impacting boulder clay today due to human activities. Although some people think that planetary heating happens due to natural factors, it is scientifically proved that worlds are responsible for planetary heating. The intent of this paper is to indicate out the irresponsible people doing planetary heating and to non fault planetary heating occurs due to natural factors. There are many scientific and logical factors of planetary heating are caused by human activities. The chief factor is due to the depletion of ozone bed of the ambiance which happens in the stratosphere. Why the ozone does go dilutant or makes a hole? It is because the release of CFC ( CFC ) gases. Human ‘s utilizations air conditioners to do the hot environment ice chest, but what they do n’t look to recognize is that they are doing the ambiance even hotter. Air conditioners releases CFC gas when it is turned on. The CFC gas will respond with the ozone bed and deplete or do a hole. Besides that, iceboxs besides release CFC gases when it is opened. Slowly they start infiltrating into the upper beds of the ambiance and shortly make the ozone rich stratosphere, where they undergo major chemical alterations. ( H. A Khemani, 2010 ) . The CFC gas will shortly disintegrate and the Cl atom will respond with the ozone molecule and alterations to oxygen molecule. As shortly the o zone bed alterations to oxygen molecule the ozone bed will be depleted. The most lurid fact about Chlorofluorocarbons is that they have exceptionally long atmospheric life which, in certain instances, even extends to 100 old ages. This means that if CFC refrigerants are leaked in the ambiance, they will maintain consuming ozone bed for the following 100 old ages to come. ( H. A Khemani, 2010 ) . There are other stuffs used by worlds that release CFC gas such as chemical sprays and combustion of Styrofoam stuffs. Furthermore, the addition of C dioxide degree leads to climatic alteration. Worlds are the chief people to breathe green house gasses to the environment. They emit them in a assortment of ways. The burning dodo fuel by human activities releases green house gas which is C dioxide. When there is a rise in the per centum of C dioxide in the air, the sum of heat captured by the C dioxide besides increases. ( Bidisha Mukherjee, 2010 ) . As the sum of C dioxide degree addition in the ambiance heat is trapped inside the ambiance and causes warming of the Earth. Furthermore, coal combustion of power works besides increases the C degree in the ambiance. Burning coal produces about 9 billion metric tons of C dioxide each twelvemonth which is released to the ambiance, approximately 70 % of this being from power coevals. ( World-nuclear.org, 2011 ) . In add-on mills emit more fume and harmful gases such as C dioxide, A methane, A and oxide. These gases do non merely increase the temperature of t he environment but causes injury to human and animate beings. The combustion of gasolene from transit besides contributes planetary warming on a big graduated table. Burning of gasolene will increase the sum of C monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a really harmful gas that it can do decease to populating beings. Dusts are besides accumulated in the ambiance. Brazil and Indonesia, which contain the universe ‘s two largest lasting parts of rain forest, are being stripped at an dismaying rate by logging, fires, and land-clearing for agribusiness and cattle-grazing. ( Nationalgeographic.com, 2011 ) . Human activities of consuming forest illicitly have cause a major clime alteration to the environment. Men presents are selfish and do things on their favours. They think to upgrade the state with the betterment of engineering. The use of land for development of edifices makes them to cut down woods uncontrolled. Besides, illegal deforestation for importing logs to other states for concern intent causes planetary heating. Trees are needed to cut down the sum of C dioxide in the environment. By disforesting the sum will be greater and the Earth will finally acquire hotter. Excessive film editing of trees for urban usage and other intents is damaging to the environmental balance. ( Manali Oak,2011 ) . Opposition argues more with the point of political relations that plays a function in planetary heating excessively. Even those politicians who are brave plenty to contend for action on the issue are non stating us the whole truth. ( Mark Jeantheau, 2004 ) .The authorities is non responsible for the happening of planetary heating. They do non take any action towards illegal people who causes planetary heating and are money minded. On their head is ever bribe and do non believe about others. Public are non cognizant of this phenomena and take it easy. Government should be blamed for this due for non educating the populace about the effects of planetary heating and point out the effects. How to cite Humans Are Responsible For Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Family and Domestic Violence Mental Health Problems

Question: Discuss about theFamily and Domestic Violence for Mental Health Problems. Answer: Significance of Mental Health Promotion in Combating Family Violence The pattern of stressful conditions as well as mental health problems relates to an unhealthy lifestyle and poses considerable risk for the physical as well as psychosocial conditions of the affected individuals. These adverse psychosocial manifestations considerably contribute to the occurrence of episodes of family violence leading to the debilitating societal outcomes. Mental health promotion strategies include the cognitive behavioral as well as psychotherapy interventions that assist in the stabilization of human behavior and emotions (Min, Lee, Lee, 2013). This emotional stability reciprocally rationalizes the thought processes of individuals that resultantly reduce their tendency towards initiating violent activities against their family members. Components of Mental Health Promotion in Relation to Family Violence Life skills training intervention require the administration of booster classroom sessions that systematically motivate the adolescents in terms of refraining themselves from drugs, alcohol and cigarette addiction that are the potential causative factors of family violence (National-Research-Council Institute-of-Medicine, 2009). The elevation of psychosocial competence of individuals through classroom session intervention and family counseling programs decreases their violent instincts across the community environment. Mental health promotion strategies further encourage the victims of family violence in terms of increasing their personal competencies and strength for encountering challenges associated with the episodes of family violence. These approaches also encourage the subjects of family violence in terms of increasing their social support network for elevating the level of self-advocacy and mental comfort that assist them in overcoming the adverse manifestations of the events of violence across the domestic environment (Howard, Feder, Agnew-Davies, 2013, p. 62). The family violence program is a mental health strategy that effectively assists individuals in practicing various coping strategies for controlling the pattern of their frustration, stress and anger in intimate relationships (Steiner Jacobs, 2016, p. 110). The reduction in the level of stress and anger resultantly reduces the probability of the episodes of domestic violence and their associated adverse mental health outcomes. Mental Health Strategies for Addressing Family Violence Mental health principles warranted for addressing the pattern of family violence attribute to the administration of education sessions, particularly for adolescents in the context of understanding the requirement of positive behavior in various relationships (World Health Organization, 2009). Anti-violence interventions with the organization of various community events considerably influence the mindset of individuals and increase the level of their awareness regarding the long-term adverse effects of family violence across the community environment. Regular discussion regarding the adverse mental health manifestations of family violence with the survivors assists in elevating their level of consciousness and cognition in relation to the violent activities (NCDVTMH, 2011). Resultantly, they gain confidence and mental stamina for dealing with and overcoming the stressful family conditions. The organization of various support groups in collaboration with the healthcare teams assists in the configuration of a stress free environment for the victims of family violence that leads to the gradual decrease in their mental symptoms (NCDVTMH, 2011). Psychological counseling of victims of family violence provides them many opportunities to discuss their traumatic events and associated emotional responses with the mental health practitioners. This eventually helps them in exploring various coping mechanisms for effectively minimizing the intensity of their adverse mental manifestations related to the episodes of family violence. References Howard, L., Feder, G., Agnew-Davies, R. (2013). Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London: RCP. Min, J. A., Lee, C. U., Lee, C. (2013). Mental Health Promotion and Illness Prevention: A Challenge for Psychiatrists. Psychiatry Investigation, 10(4), 307-316. National-Research-Council, Institute-of-Medicine. (2009). Prevention of Specific Disorders and Promotion of Mental Health. In Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. USA: National Academy of Sciences. NCDVTMH. (2011). Creating Trauma-Informed Services: Tipsheet Series(A Trauma-Informed Approach to Domestic Violence Advocacy). USA: National Center on Domestic Violence, Trauma Mental Health. Retrieved from https://nationalcenterdvtraumamh.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Tipsheet_TI-DV-Advocacy_NCDVTMH_Aug2011.pdf Steiner, J. L., Jacobs, S. C. (2016). The Yale Textbook of Public Psychiatry. New York: Oxford. World Health Organization. (2009). Violence Prevention (The Evidence - Changing Cultural Social Norms that Support Evidence). Geneva: WHO.

Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence Essay Example

Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence Essay David experiences a dream like state as he believes the fantasies that are being created for him. David is strongly motivated by his id, which is driven by his own pleasures and desires. Teddy, his robotic bear, is guided by his ego that is responsible for dealing with reality. The ego ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in an acceptable manner in the real world. Also, Frauds theory of Oedipal complex is present in the relationship between David and his mother, ultimately suggesting that David has repressed sexual desires for her. Furthermore, symbolism Is present throughout the movie as Frauds belief of hidden wishes as well as desires Is shown through imagery and representation of certain characters. In Artificial Intelligence, the idea of rational logic is in conflict with the idea of an alternate reality as David believes it is possible for his non-biological mother to love IM back some day. Freud establishes a common element in fantasies: the human desire to alter the existing and often unsatisfactory or unpleasant world of reality. David is ultimately motivated by his id as it acts as a course of aggression and desire for him. David meets the protocol robot of himself, the robot claims his name is David. He suddenly feels irritated and threatened by the robot as he quotes cant have her. Shes mine. I am the only one! More drastically, David then picks up the lamp sitting on the desk and rapidly hits the other robot and yells over and over l AM DAVID! until he destroys the robot. We will write a custom essay sample on Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This helps highlight the idea that Davits old has controlled his mind and actions leading him to become an aggressive character. Willing to stop at nothing to gain his mothers love, David is willing to do anything in order to fulfill his fantasy of becoming human. Ultimately, a dreamlike state is formed as David creates a story in order to satisfy his own pleasures and desires. Furthermore, one could argue that his intentions were more sinister than simply destroying the robot. In order to reach his mother, and satisfy his own needs as well s desires, David may ultimately have had darker intentions in mind. According to Freud, unlike the d, the ego demonstrates a representation of reason and common sense. Its mall concern Is with the Individuals safety and allows some of the Ids desires to be expressed, but only when consequences of these actions are marginal. Teddy, Davis bear, Is guided by his ego to make rational decisions to help protect David. For example, when Martin challenges David to eat food at the dinner grads s arm Ana quotes You wall Drear warning David harm himself if he eats the food. Furthermore, Teddy appears to be a rational figure that cares for the ids safety and overall well-being. Overall, Teddys ego allows him to have a rational sense of Judgment, tolerance, synthesis of information and also an excellent memory. The egos function of intellect is shown in Teddy as David asks him for information and explanation of things throughout the movie. Also, Teddys high level of tolerance guided by his ego is proven to be true regardless of all of Davits poor actions. Despite Davits unrealistic desire, Teddy still remains by his side ill the end. Furthermore, Teddys ego guides him to take the demands and reality of the outside world into account in addition to the ids basic needs and urges. Another idea Freud proposes is the Oedipal complex. The Oedipal complex can be described as the sexual desire a young boy may have for his mother. Often times they contain hatred towards their father as there is considered to be a rivalry. The Oedipal complex is present between David and his mother as shown several times throughout the movie. Although it may not be clearly visible for the audience, there re several signs suggesting that David has a sexual desire for her. Also, a sense of jealously is present towards his father as David sees him hugging his mother while in the bedroom. During this scene, he was silently standing by the doorway watching them both. As his father leaves the bedroom, David approaches him by the name of Henry. This scene suggests that David contains no love for his adoptive father but instead views him as a threat. It is evident throughout the movie that David resents Henry such as when David picks up Henrys phone call. He shows his mother that he s not only able to answer calls but project peoples voices as well. In a sense, David was mocking his father as he mouthed the words his father was saying throughout the phone call. During this act, David resists giving his mother the phone since he doesnt want them to communicate with one another. As the movie progresses, it is apparent that David wants his mother all to himself and that the love David has for his mother is more of a sexual desire. Furthermore, in the last scene of the movie, he brings his mother back to life. In this scene, the narrator quotes David thought it was he happiest day of his life, all the problems seemed to have disappeared from his mommys mind, there was no Henry, no Marty, no grief, it was only David. The sense of rivalry is clearly shown throughout this quote as well as his everlasting sexual love for his mother. The sexual context of Davits love for his mother is clearly demonstrated when David makes coffee for his mother, tucks her in bed and lastly sleeps beside her while holding her hand. All of which are common actions that a husband would do for his wife. In summary, the Oedipal complex is the hidden drive that influences David. Davits actions and behavior are solely based on his sexual desire for his mother and hatred towards his father. Freud describes symbolism as representation of repressed, mainly sexual objects of desire by non-sexual objects that resemble them or are associated with them. The scene, winner David Ana Nils mother are lying In ten cellular snap Deck, tons Dead can be interpreted in several different means. Looking from a sexual perspective, the bed can represent the female genitalia. The shape of the bed can be compared to the female sexual organ as since they have similar appearance to one another. One may include that since David is lying in this bed, which represents his mothers female genitalia, it may symbolize intercourse. The secretly desired intercourse David wishes to have with his mother. Another interpretation the concave shaped bed may have is resemblance to his mothers womb. As David is lying in the bed in this case, it may suggest David is inside of her womb. It can symbolize the desire for David to truly be human so that his mother will love him. Ironically, this desire is not capable to being a reality because David was not conceived by his mother, but rather built by man to be a robot. Overall, there are several ways to interpret the concave shaped bed as symbolism can be derived from myriad meanings. Psychoanalytical criticism not only shows peoples unconscious desires but helps analyze their motivations as well. Freud believed that the motive forces of fantasies are unsatisfied wishes, and every single fantasy is the fulfillment of a wish, a correlation of unsatisfying reality. Throughout the movie David acts upon his unconscious desires and is capable to give in into his own sense of pleasure. David was able to convince himself that there was an alternate reality where he would come human and his mother would love him, a situation that he derived pleasure from. Furthermore, Teddy has shown the characteristics of the ego as he has acted as a rational figure and helped protect David on their Journey to satisfy this unrealistic dream of Davits. Freud also has proven that a young boy can have sexual desires for his mother. That this young boy is David, aggressively wanting his mothers love to fulfill his sexual desire for her. Lastly, Frauds idea of symbolism has shown that imagery can have more than one meaning and often times the meaning behind them relates to sexuality.

School Crime Essays

School Crime Essays School Crime Essay School Crime Essay According to the National School Safety Center, the rate of violent school crime has dropped between 2003 and 2004.   The rate of violent crime victimization at school remained lower than the rate of victimization away from school.   Younger children were more likely to be victims of violent crime at school, while older students were more likely to be victims of violent crime away from school.   Although there was some movement in other crime statistics, those for fighting and drinking at school remained flat (National School Safety Center, 2006, p. 2).Some of these findings are also reflected by the findings of the Departments of Education and Justice between 2005 and 2006.   However, the second report indicates that an increase in homicides occurred between 2004 and 2005 over the figures reported between 2000 and 2001.   An average of 55 victimizations were reported per 1000 students during the 2004-2005 school year, with approximately one homicide or suicide school-age youth at school per 2 million students.   Regardless, these figures are still down from the same block of figures from the 1990s (Departments of Education and Justice, 2006, Executive Summary).The media, however, chooses to report school violence as if it is a steadily growing wave, with an increasing number of increasingly more violent occurrence every year.   Despite the steady decrease of the incidence of violent crimes in schools, the media chooses to report that violent crime remains a problem in schools, despite the use of safety devices such as metal detectors and despite the presence of security guards.   The media tends to focus on reporting the sensational occurrences and speculating on why so many Columbine-like shootings seem to be occurring, rather than reporting the actual decline in school homicides.   This presentation detracts from the efforts that have been made to correct the incidence of school violence.ReferencesDepartments of Educ ation and Justice.   (2006).   NSSC review of school safety research.   Retrieved March 31, 2007 from schoolsafety.us/pubfiles/school_crime_and_violence_statistics.pdfNational School Safety Center. (2006).   Indicators of school crime and safety: 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2007 from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/index.asp

Systems Of Kinship Emerged During The Middle Ages. Absolute And Essay

Systems Of Kinship Emerged During The Middle Ages. Absolute And Constitutional Monarchy - Essay Example There is no body of laws to govern the conduct of the monarch, therefore few or no legal constraints to their conduct. He or she is the head of government and state. Most absolute monarchs justify it by claiming they have divine rights to the throne. In the twentieth century most absolute monarchs could not withstand the wave of opposition from the people who regarded them as defeated and outdated, because of the failure of political and economic systems, which fell apart, under their rule. In the twenty first century, most absolute monarchs exist in the Arab world. They have managed to stay relevant because they have allowed technological and scientific advancement into their territories. Religion has also played a major role; hence their societies have remained relatively conservative. In theory absolute monarchs have unlimited powers, however in practice, their powers are curtailed by political leaders from other social classes such as nobility and clergy. Modern examples of absol ute monarchs are Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Swaziland. Napoleon Bonaparte is considered as a successful absolute monarch who ruled France in the sixteenth century. This was important for France at that particular time because the country was in chaos as people did not follow the rule of law and the nobility controlled the state finances. An absolute monarchy was seen as the only way out. Most countries saw a decline in absolute monarchies because they became republics after civil unrests in the nineteenth century such as the French revolution. Constitutional monarchy is also referred to as limited monarchy. The monarch is bound by the constitution of the land, which can either be unwritten or written. In constitutional monarchs, the monarch is the head of the state, a position acquired through heritance or marriage, while, a prime minister elected through a democratic process is the head of government. The powers held by this type of monarch vary from country to the other. Most constit utional monarchs exist in western European countries. Examples of constitutional monarchs include United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden, Belgium and Thailand. Governance functions fall on politicians, while monarchs perform ceremonial duties and are usually perceived as a unifying symbol of a country .This century has forty four independent monarch states of which sixteen have Queen Elizabeth of England, as their head of state. The monarch usually provides continuity because, even as heads of government change, monarchs retain their positions. Most existing constitutional monarchs in this century perform ceremonial duties and usually seen as a continuation of a country’s traditional systems, and a symbol of unity. This role was witnessed in Austria in 1977, where, there was a deadlock in the parliament. The monarch replaced the prime minister and budget proceeding went on uninterrupted. It should be noted that the monarch is neutral in political matters. The powers vested on monarchs vary from country to another, for example in Sweden the monarch is only ceremonial and in United Kingdom, the queen is the head of the armed forces. The head of constitutional monarchs are usually a male or female; however in a monarch such as the principality of Monaco, powers will be transferred to France if no male heir is born. Japan and Thailand are the monarchs with the largest population of subjects. This type of monarch is good for the people because it protects the civil rights of the

Slave Trade to America. Effects on Economies, Societies, and People Research Paper

Slave Trade to America. Effects on Economies, Societies, and People - Research Paper Example Thus, by 1610, very few colonialists were remaining due to the shortage of food and water. Precisely, only 60 of the first 214 were alive. (Littlejohn, 2003, P. 5) Despite this setback, the English colonialists were still convinced they could make Virginia prosperous. And thus the group of colonialists that followed was certain that there were unexplored metals and precious stones in the land. They therefore, aimed at identifying these precious minerals in Virginia. However, with time it became clear that Virginia did not have any minerals or metals. And therefore, the settlers had to identify some other means of survival. With other parts of America successfully dealing in Agricultural crops, the English colonialists also sought to try the same in Virginia. Tobacco farming was then started in the land and indeed it became a success to the Virginia Company. With the activity being so labor intensive, there was hence the need for more workers in the farms. The Englishmen offered to wo rk as indentured servants for a period of four to seven years in exchange for food, clothing and shipment to the New World. (Littlejohn, 2003, P. 6) Though the system of indentured servitude clearly exploited the workers, the white servants still accepted it in the hope for freedom and citizenship on completion of their contracts. With time, the system was not only being used in the farms, but also in construction, clearing of roads and timber cutting. Women could also secure jobs in households as domestic servants, but still under the same system. According to Rodriguez, (2007, P.87), the system of indentured servitude in America was to some extent a kind of slavery. This is because the servants were exploited by their masters and also faced many hardships during the contract period. Most of them were physically and sexually abused until they opted to run away. Running away would however, lead to severe consequences once captured. They would be beaten, branded and even jailed. Star t of Slave trade in America Then, in the year 1619 slave trade began in Virginia when a Dutch slave trader exchanged twenty African slaves for food. The Africans were taken as indentured servants at first but would later become slaves since even after the end of the contract they could not return to their home in Africa. By the 1920s, it became clear that the slave trade would be only option for the English tobacco farmers due to the high labor demand. (Wood, 2005, P. 4) This was due to the fact that the African slaves were much cheaper and easy to acquire as compared to the indentured servants. The slaves would only be provided with food water and shelter with no freedom promised as was the case in the indentured servitude. (Rodriguez, 2007, P.87) By this time, the transatlantic trade, which had started early in the century was booming, and thus English colonies did not have to suffer in search of a market for slaves. The demand for more slaves thus acted as a fuel to the slave tra de. The factors that promoted the slave trade of Africans in Virginia included: Availability or ready market: as mentioned above, the farmers did not have to travel all the way to Africa to purchase slaves; they could get them at the transatlantic slave trade. Racial differences also made the Africans more

Review and Response of the Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review and Response of the Reading - Essay Example She then goes on to talk about some of the more provocative art forms, especially in context of African Americans. Her detailed analysis of the various African American arts, which challenge the established morals of the society is very enlightening. I was particularly impressed by her thorough research in the field, as she refers to a number of artistic displays, some of them long since extinct. According to her, these arts, which were created by the African American, may be considered by many to be pornographic on the face of it, but when you look at these at another level, you realize that through these provocative art forms these African American artists are trying to point out how there bodies were used and abused over the years of slavery. Most of these artistic displays are extremely provocative, like the play by Robbie MacCauley’s â€Å"Aunt Sally’s Rape†, where she poses nude. To the upholders of false morality, this play may seem to be pornographic, but it has a much deeper meaning in that brings out the humiliations faced by the African American slaves who had no right even over their own body. This and several other arts mentioned by Fusco serve to bring out the irony of African American fate whose bodies were abused for the viewing pleasure of the white audience even as they had no control over it and than the moralistic people denounced these very black people for being pornographic. Nayland Blake in his dialogue with talk about some his similarly provocative arts. The most outstanding of his works is the â€Å"Gorge† where we see him being fed continuously for sixty minutes on the video. The fact that Blake is legally Black and the person feeding him on the video is also black is discussed in details in this dialogue. According to Blake, the notion of race has led to the African Americans being subjected to a number of horrors historically. Both Fusco and Blake talk about the horrors

Renewable Energy Policy Of The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay

Renewable Energy Policy Of The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay This article provides background for the current petroleum reserves scarcity problem, importance of sustainable energies, as well as the advantages and shortcomings of renewable energies development. In addition, it covers the review of renewable energy policies of four different countries, namely Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The article also summarizes results of this study by comparing approaches taken by the governments of the abovementioned nations to solve the energy scarcity issue. Although these four developing countries take different approaches in addressing the problem, they share a common ultimate objective by reducing dependence on fossil fuel and the amount of hazardous gases, including greenhouse gases and toxic gases, discharged into the atmosphere. While certain renewable energies such as biomass energy and wind power have a tendency to generate negligible amounts of carbon dioxide, others, however, are environmental friendly. Thus, the renewable ener gies developed by these countries are fairly promising and will bring significant benefits to the countries if managed wisely. Lastly, this article also attempts to draw a conclusion on the study of the four policies based on key aspects such as natural resources available and the countries vision and propose some recommendations for further development. Keywords: Renewable energy, Sustainable, Environment 1. Introduction Energy drives nearly all parts of modern life such as the transportation sector and electricity generation. Most primary energies are derived from petroleum [1]. Overreliance on petroleum has become a serious global issue in the 21st century. According to the US Department of Energy (US DOE) report, petroleum reserves are diminishing at a faster rate than the discovery speed. Based on current oil reserves, the current consumption rate and projected consumption rate are 1354 billion barrels, 86.1 million barrels per day (in year 2007) and 92.1 million barrels per day (in year 2020) respectively [2]. Current petroleum reserves are expected to be depleted within the next four decades. The situation is worsening with the rapid growth of motorization, transportation and industrialization activities. This has led to a steep rise in crude oil prices due to high demand for fossil fuel [3]. Prior to 2000, the crude oil price in NYMEX was generally under USD20/barrel. With a higher demand than supply, the price rose to USD60/barrel in 2005 and subsequently shot up to USD100/barrel in 2011 [4]. To maintain the standard of living, searching for alternative energy resources to replace the current primary fuel source is inevitable. Furthermore, the use of alternative energy does not only solve the depletion of petroleum problem, but also generates significant environmental [5-7], economic and social benefits if managed with due regard to sustainability constraints [8]. In addition, efforts on efficiency improvement in energy production and use should not be neglected [9]. In fact, this effort should receive early attention as these objectives are easier to attain , require less investment during the commissioning stage than at the optimization stage and are environmentally friendly in meeting the needs of every developing country [10], [11]. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare four developing countries renewable energy policies in Southeast Asia. In addition, advantages and shortcomings of the policies are also identified and discussed in the later section. Further, a summary is drawn up regarding to the countries existing policies and frameworks. Lastly, suggestions for improvement on the policies are also included in this study for future review. 2. A broad look at the renewable energy policy of different developing countries Every developing country has its own unique renewable energy policy. Although some countries share a common objective or interest, none of the renewable energy policies can be identical to other renewable energy policies. For instance, the Philippines, a country which has few natural resources is mainly focusing on geothermal power in its renewable energy policy. Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, on the other hand, has a more diversified renewable energy policy. In other words, the renewable energy policy of a country varies according to the countrys direction and natural resources available. In addition, efficiency of energy generated, energy used and environmental impacts are also taken into consideration during the review stage in certain policies. Although these factors do not directly affect or contribute to the development of renewable energies, impacts related to these factors should not be underestimated. Ignorance (on these issues) may lead to more ser ious catastrophic consequences to the world as some of the impacts pose significant threats to the global economy, food security, air quality and the condition of humans health [12]. 2.1 Renewable energy policy of Malaysia Traditionally, Malaysia, a country which is known for having vast amounts of petroleum resources, relies heavily on oil and gas (84%) and hydropower (16%) [13] for electricity generation. However, due to maturity of some oil reservoirs, production of oil has decreased gradually from 862 thousand barrels per day in 2004 to 713 thousand barrels per day in 2010 [14] and 630 thousand barrels per day in 2011 [15]. This problem has forced the government of Malaysia looking for viable renewable energies. To expedite the process, the government of Malaysia has established a fund, known as the Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS) amounting MYR 5 billion [16] as an effort to identify alternative green energy and develop green technology. Four key renewable energy sources have been identified, namely hydropower, solar power, wind energy and biomass energy. All these energies are expected to replace petroleum in the next 50 years. However, current researches on alternative energy are mainly concentrating on palm oil based biomass and biofuel with palm oil methyl esters being the preferred fuel. According to a preliminary estimation, palm oil biofuel could generate up to 20% of the countrys electricity by 2020 [17] and expect to replace the non-renewable fuel source, petroleum. Nevertheless, combustion of biofuel is always associated with greenhouse gases discharge such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Global atmospheric CO2 concentration has reported been increasing over the past century from 280ppm to 390ppm [18]. Malaysia was reportedly discharged 164.2 million tonne CO2 or 5.98 tonne CO2 per capita in 2009 [19]. It is estimated about 235.6% higher than the figure reported in 1990. A steep rise of CO2 discharge signifies the increase of environmental and health problems such as drought, rise in sea level, heavy downpours or flooding, increase mortality of wildlife, intense heat waves and increase risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [20-22]. Although some parties claim that development of biofuel could reduce emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel combustion, the economic, environmental and social benefits of the current generation of biofuels vary [19]. The data does not take into consideration that deforestation for planting of palm tr ees used for biofuel production can result in one-time releases of CO2 which could be very large [19]. Furthermore, use of palm oil as feedstock in biodiesel production is also not economically feasible. Production cost of biofuel has escalated with increasing demand on palm oil due to the use of palm oil as edible oil in cooking. Although there are scopes to increase yield, massive conversion of palm oil to biodiesel will reduce reserves and eventually lead to higher palm oil prices [23]. In addition, increase in demand of palm oil would also drive global food prices higher and increase the competition for edible oil. It is undeniable that the abovementioned problems can be solved with increases palm oil production, but production increases have required rapid expansion of the area planted under oil palm [24], giving rise to serious concerns over deforestation and habitat loss as well as the drainage of peat lands. While short term governmental support such as tax exemption, regulatory intervention and promotion campaign play an important role in the biofuel development, the long ter m sustainability prospect pertaining to the environmental impact and economic is uncertain. 2.2 Renewable Energy Policy of the Philippines The government of the Philippines, however, focuses their effort mainly on geothermal energy development. It can be clearly seen from the country power generation statistic that the geothermal energy accounts for 12% of the countrys total electricity generation [25]. With the total capacity of 2000MW geothermal power plant in operation, Philippines is considered as the worlds second largest geothermal power producer [26]. This figure is far higher than the amount of energy generated by any other types of renewable energy. The effort on geothermal energy development is expected to be continued as it provides a promising future to the country. The reason why the government of the Philippines maintains its existing policy is due to present of numerous volcanos in Philippines. According to Sussman et. al., Philippines islands are complex assemblage of island arcs which have been accreting between two tectonic plates. Two opposing subduction zones have generated a series of volcanoes which extends the length of the Philippines, from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Most of the known high temperature (>240Â °C) geothermal systems in the Philippines are associated with these volcano [27]. At the same time, the government of the Philippines also attempts to develop biomass energy. Philippines is known as an agricultural country which produces abundant of biomass resources [28] such as rice straw, coconut shell and sugarcane residues. These resources are believed to have a large contribution to biomass energy production as it could supply continuous stream of feedstock for biomass energy generation. Although researches on other types of energy such as biomass energy and hydropower are also given a fair consideration, progress of the researches remains modest. The problem is mainly due to lack of financial support from the Philippiness Department of Energy and private investors. Limited financial resource available is a great barrier for the development of biomass energy. In addition, lack of incentives is another factor that hinder biomass energy development as the production cost is considerably higher than fossil fuel price [29]. 2.3 Renewable Energy Policy of Indonesia Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, intends to reduce its dependence on the fossil fuel and aims to reduce the depletion rate of fossil fuel reserves[30], by diversifying its focus on solar energy, wind energy, ocean wave energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy generation [31]. Below are the policies related to Renewable Energy development [32]: Green Energy Policy (Ministerial Decree No.2/2004) Small Power Generation using Renewable Energy (Ministerial Decree No. 1122 K/30/MEM/2002) Geothermal Law (Law No. 27/2003) Regulation on Electricity Supply and Utilization (Government Regulation No. 03/2005) The government of Indonesia also encourages private sector and community participations through a small renewable power purchase tariff [26]. Through this programme, renewable power producers are given freedom to develop their own renewable power plants such as micro hydro power plants, mini wind farms and solar power plants in rural area. In addition, the government of Indonesia also invests a vast amount of money on biomass [33] and biofuel development. One of the examples is combustion of rice husk and biodiesel. The country produces an average of 50 million tonnes of rice husk each year. These rice husks have a very low commercial value and limited application. Hence, the government of Indonesia propose to build some rice husk and biodiesel power plants adjacent to rice mills or palm oil plantations to supply energy to the local community. Based on preliminary estimation, the country would enjoy an additional 1600MW power generated each year from the biomass energy generated [26]. However, combustion of biomass is not environmentally friendly. Some of the hazardous compounds generated such as smoke, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds are carcinogenic or may cause cancer. Furthermore, emission of carbon dioxide and methane may also lead to global warming problem. According to World Health Organization estimation, more people in the developing world die each year from conditions related to air pollution which is mostly from inefficient, solid-wood-burning stoves [34]. According to a study conducted by World Health Organization, air pollution from solid fuel use was responsible for almost 2 million annual deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease in the year 2004 [35]. This makes biomass combustion the second biggest environmental contributor to ill health, behind unsafe water and sanitation [35]. Although the promising geothermal power and hydropower are also given a fair consideration, development of the areas seems to be difficult as potential investors are deterred by the lack of financial viability guarantee and unstable political circumstance [26]. Moreover, distribution or supply of electricity to remote areas or communities is not economically feasible and the state-of-art technology involved of this energy is more expensive than energy produced by conventional hydrocarbon fired plants [30]. Thus, the proposal of building a large scale hydropower plant has been postponed for years. 2.4 Renewable Energy Policy of Vietnam Unlike other developing countries, Vietnam is currently on the rapid economy growth track and is enjoying economic prosperity which it has never experienced before. A decade after the end of the Vietnam War, Vietnam underwent an intensive economic reform known as Doi Moi or socialist-oriented market economy which encouraged foreign and private investments in various industries or sectors [36], [37]. Since then the economic performance of Vietnam had started to escalate and experienced a more intensive growth than ever before [38]. This growth has mainly been the results of the strong performance of five sectors, namely manufacturing, fishery, agricultural, tourism and services industries. Although the economy of Vietnam, like other countries, has also encountered several economy setbacks such as the Asian Financial Crisis, the Burst of the Bubble of Information Technology and the Subprime Economic Crisis, the countrys economy has recovered very rapidly each time after the crisis and has managed to attain average GDP growth of 6 to 9% annually [39]. Improvement of economic performance has indirectly driven up the countrys energy demand. According to the data provided by the Institute of Energy of Vietnam, energy or electricity generated were estimated around 21TWh, 40TWh and 67TWh for the years of 2000, 2004 and 2008 respectively [40], [41], with fossil fuel as a primary source of fuel. Based on the figures provided above, the average annual growth rate of energy demand was estimated at about 15% for this period. Despite having abundant fossil fuel reserves, it is noteworthy that the population of Vietnam [42] also increased in line with economic growth [38]. In addition, Vietnams transportation sector is still undergoing explosive growth. By making the assumption that the rate of growth in energy demand remains constant, the total energy or electricity required by 2030 will be 654TWh [36]. This situation has forced the government of Vietnam looking for sustainable alternative energies. Failure to search for more renewable energies will eventually turn Vietnam into net importer [38], which will give its economy a hard hit as high oil price could lead to a higher manufacturing and living costs. Furthermore, IMF and Citigroup predicted that Vietnam will be subjected to further currency devaluation [43] in years ahead due to inflation problem. All these factors will lead to a more severe economy setback if they fail to develop more sustainable energies to replace the scarce fossil fuel. Electricity supply in Vietnam currently is virtually provided by the local government as more than three quarters of the power plants in Vietnam are operated by either government organizations under the governance of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam[41] or organizations which the government has stake or indirect interest in the companies. In short, most of the power plants are state-owned properties. These power plants are basically established under the first Power Development Master Plan, which is introduced to support the economic reformation [44]. Majority of the electricity supply to the northern and southern regions of Vietnam is generated using fossil fuel such as oil and gas (48%) and coal (17.9%) [39], which is considered unsustainable to both environment and economy. Electricity supply to the central part of Vietnam, on the other hand, is mostly generated using hydropower, which is accounted for 27.4% of the electricity supply in Vietnam [39] and is cleaner than fossil fuel combustion. Use of hydropower can be explained by the number of rivers available in Vietnam, which has about 2400 rivers of 10km long [41]. This enables the country enjoying the free and clean resource without compromising its sustainability policy. However, the potential of hydropower is still not fully exploited in Vietnam. Based on rough estimation, up to 70TWh of hydropower electricity could be generated annually [36]. The figure is higher than the countrys current energy need. Thus, the government of Vietnam is currently reviewing the existing strategy and master plan to develop hydropower for the period up to 2015 [45]. The plan of developing hydropower is not a sole solution, but certainly a wise move. In addition to the development of hydropower, the government of Vietnam also explore the possibility of utilizing wind power to generate electricity. In comparison to other countries, Vietnam has a better potential for wind energy development [46] as the country has a higher average wind speed of 7 to 9 m/s at a height of 65m [40]. Another reason encourages the country to develop hydropower is that it provides a competitive generation cost advantage. An estimation based on current wind power generation, with the cost of 8 US cents/kWh [40], indicates that the generation cost of wind power is at least 50% cheaper than other renewable energies. Moreover, wind farms can also be utilized to cultivate crops [47]. In other words, installation of wind turbines would not deter the development of the agricultural sector. This is particularly important to the country as the agricultural sector contributes significantly to its GDP. Furthermore, agricultural activities are bread and butter for p eople of the country. According to the Federal Research Division, agricultural activities account for the employment of approximately 60% of the nations workforce [48]. Thus, development of wind power could bring double benefits to the country. Although wind power generation is also associated with CO2 emission, the emission rate of CO2 from wind turbines is 100 times lower than that of coal combustion, which is insignificant or negligible. A part from the abovementioned energies, the government of Vietnam also explored other potential renewable energies such as solar power, biomass energy [49]. Solar energy is a very promising renewable energy for Vietnam as it is located very close to equator and receives up to 4500 hours sun light every year. Likewise, generation of electricity using biomass is also sustainable as Vietnam is rich in organic and natural resources such as forest, plants, agricultural by-products and edible oil. However, development of renewable energy was very slow and the move was not well received by the community previously. This was mainly due to factors such as limited understanding of renewable energies, lack of expertise support in this field and ignorance about importance of renewable energy to the country. Thus, the updated revised Master Plan for Nation Power Development of Vietnam has already included design principles for the implementation of the Vietnam Competitive Generation Market [50] to increase potential of renewable energy development. In addition, renovation of management is also taken into consideration to attract foreign investors [37] and foreign talents. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Finance also shows a strong support on the plan by increasing tax imposed on profit gained by power plants through oil, gas and coal combustion. 3. Conclusion In conclusion, energy is essential to every countrys development. However, overreliance on fossil fuels in energy generation has become a critical issue. Following the footsteps of the developed countries, most developing countries in Southeast Asia have started reviewing their sustainable energy policies and searched for viable renewable energies to replace the scarce resources. While some countries choose to focus on biomass energy or wind power research and development, others, on the other hand, take a more diversified approach. These policies are mainly designed according to the resources available and each countrys vision. For instance, Malaysia allocates more financial resources on biofuel development as the country possesses vast amounts of palm oil plantation or land. While the Philippines choose to maintain its exploration effort on geothermal energy and biomass developments as country is located in the western part of the Pacific Rim, which is the weakest part of the earth crust [51]. This gives the country the advantage of using the magna of the earth crust to generate steam and electricity. Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, tries to variegate fuel resources by exploring different potential energies. Their counterpart, Vietnam, however, chooses to invest on hydropower development as it has more than 2400 rivers with 10km long [41]. In addition, efficiency of energy generated and environmental impacts are also taken into consideration during policy review stage as legislators believed that under-estimation of the impacts related to these factors may lead to catastrophic impairments to environment and economy. It is undeniable that development of all these renewable energies would reduce human dependence on fossil fuel, however the long term prospect for these energies is uncertain. For instance, combustion of biofuel may not be environmental friendly as well as economically viable in the long term. Thus, a more comprehensive evaluation should be taken into consideration during the policy review stage. In addition, present energy strategy should adapt to new criteria which must be followed in future energy system development [52].

American Technological Advancements and the Cold War Essay -- Military

American Technological Advancements and the Cold War Many of the military technological advancements that have been made in the last 60 years can be attributed to the Cold War. Much of the technology developed during the period of the Cold War is still in use today by the military and government. Advancements in offensive technology are well known to just about everyone in the way of nuclear energy harnessed in the form of the nuclear bomb, but little is known about the battle for information during the Cold War. The Cold War produced some of the most advanced technology used in the fields of detection and reconnaissance in history. The United States’ detection and reconnaissance technology played a major role against communism during the Cold War, and these types of technology still play roles today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A cold war is an ideological conflict with military standoffs while keeping diplomatic relations open. The Cold War consisted of two sides (or Superpowers); the first was the United States, who believed in and practiced capitalism, the opposing side was the Soviet Union, who believed in and practiced the idea of communism. Many historians dispute the start time of the conflict; however, it began some time after World War II and dragged on until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. The Cold War Project Group Online claims â€Å"the advancement of technology during the Cold War was greater than that of any one time period† (â€Å"The Arms Race†). The war developed nuclear missiles and many other technological advancements taking the world into a new era, the Nuclear Era. It was estimated at one time the United States and the Soviet Union could nuke the world seven times over; the governments realized the pointlessness of so many nuclear missiles a nd turned their attention toward other ways to get an upper hand in the conflict. Tensions ran high during this time; without military confrontation, research and resources were redirected towards other fields of technology such as detection systems, surveillance equipment, and underwater technologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The North American Aerospace Defense Command, other wise known as NORAD, is a series of radar stations in North America that were built in 1950s. NORAD is a joint United States and Canadian organization that provides warnings and aerospace control for North America. The North American Aerospace Defense Comm... ...ent, they have found usefulness in today’s world through reassessing their mission or in scientific research. The art of reconnaissance changed during the Cold War with the invention of the spy satellite, the U2 Spy Plane, and the nuclear powered submarines. Today much of the photo taken by the United States spy satellites and U2 Spy Planes are classified but they are still used today as a part of the military and the Center Intelligent Agency to identify threats just as they did during the Cold War; submarines The tracking down and monitoring Soviet submarines movements during the Cold War was one of the major missions of the nuclear submarines, unfortunately today the submarine force of the United States is slowly shrinking do to budget cut with in the military. Fear and uncertainty surrounded the Cold War, however thanks to these technological advancements during the Cold War it helped to keep offensive weapons form being fired and destroying the world. Unfortunately on ly a few of these technologies have found there way into the world today. The Cold War was a conflict that brought fear to Americans but also brought the United States new technology that is still around today.

Interview Paper Essay

One day forty four years ago, a baby was born in Texas. He was growing up healthily in the warm Texas wind and heat year after year. His name is James Cambell, a man who never stopped chasing his dream with great zest although he is now forty four years old. Spring has always rightly been identified with youth, and the sorrows of youth are poignant and unrepeatable, but he never thinks it is too late to achieve something, a dream or a goal, could be very large or very tiny. When James was young, he had always had a dream that he could travel across the country and now he still has it. Ever since high school James loved jogging and fishing. In the 1980s, a lot of electrical equipment and electronic devices came into this world. At this time, many experts and scientists were predicting the 21th century would be the internet age. As he was a boy, no one could stop James Cambell to be attracted to these electronic devices. So, he started playing and learning about these devices. After he finished his schooling, he got a job in electronics. Many years later, he fell in love with a girl who later became his wife. Everything is impermanent and can be changed. Marriage or divorce and its many ups and downs, still exercised a powerful hold over newspapers, magazines, and the airwaves. Unfortunately, James Cambell was one of them. However, divorce is not always a bad thing. It could be a good in that you as an individual get less stressed and more free time in life. Today, he’s still working in the electrical field and he thinks it is an appropriate time to get more knowledge about electrical technology. Consequently, he’s at HCC now studying Electrical Engineering. In our youth, everyone makes mistakes, and wondered what the world had in stock for them. They too might have had confusion about the future. Brian Mosley was born in Houston. Without exception, he made a so-called mistake when he was young. Life can sure throw a curve ball when you least expect it. A newborn entered his life at age eighteen and had to find work to support him and his new family. When I asked him, â€Å"have you ever had any regrets about what happened?† He said he never thought it was a mistake because he looked at the situation through optimist eyes. If there was only half a cup of water left, an optimistic person may cheer for it because they still have the half. Obviously, Brian was an optimistic person that  never felt unhappy or sorrowful. There is no denying that, most optimists have a high happiness index, which can hardly be experienced by pessimists. His attitude had moved his wife and parents strongly so they too can view life in the same perspective. As a result, the atmosphere of optimism and happiness had been naturally set up and his mom aided to him to take care of the baby. Fourteen years later, Brian’s second boy was expectably born when he was thirty two years old. Today, he is a thirty nine years old man with less pressure and more freedom. His work schedule allows him to attend HCC to continue receiving a higher education to later support his family even further. Now he’s studying physical therapy for his interest. He hopes he can travel with his family on road trips across the whole country in the upcoming years. There is always a lot of fun in an extended family. Sometimes people may squabble but never take it to heart. Twenty seven years ago, Michael was born in Houston and he had two brothers and three sisters. Unfortunately, he was oldest child had to take care of them and forgive their mistakes. In other words he had to start learning more than his brothers and sisters such as doing housework. In such a situation, he had been independent earlier than others. Every time when Michael was awake dead at night he always felt lonely and so he would ask himself what is needed of him. Sometimes, he still felt lonely, but is loneliness a terrible thing? Obviously, the answer is no, because loneliness also could bring something good to him. Because of lacking help from others, he became prone to dealing with all kinds of situations by himself. Thus, he would be more independent in life and he can endure more setbacks and pressure. Now Michael likes watching comedy and shopping with his friends. He has a three years old daughter. And he’s studying business in HCC to get a more interesting and better job.

Free Essays on Anheuiser Busch Vs. Budvar

Anheiser Bush Vs Budvar Introduction Anheuser-Busch has been the nation’s largest brewer for more than 40 years. In the mid-1800’s Adolphus Busch became familiar with the beers of a small Bohemian town called Budweis. After emigrating into the United States he married into the Anheuser brewing family. In the 1870’s Adolphus Busch registered Budweiser as a trademark in the U.S. Adolphus Busch dubbed his company’s Budweiser â€Å"the king of beers.† Budweiser is a registered trademark of the St. Louis-based Anheuser-Busch, which is the world’s largest brewing company. In recent years Anhauser-Busch has faced increased competition in the U.S. market. As a result of this increased competition the company has been looking overseas for growth and increased profits. Budweis is a small brewing town in the Czech republic. The town has a 700-year-old history of beer brewing. The brewing company Budvar of Budejovice registered Budweiser as a trademark i n Europe in 1895. Budvar’s Budweiser is considered by beer experts to be a greater beer than the American Budweiser. Czechs are very proud of the Budvar brewery and considers its beer to be a national treasure. In the days before a global marketplace, the American Budweiser and the Czech Budweiser have never really competed with each other. However, in the 1990’s with increased global competition in the beer market, this dispute over who actually owns the Budweiser name takes on increased importance. According to a 1958 agreement signed by the Czech government, brand names that denote geographic origin are protected. So the Czech government which owns Budweiser believes that they should be the only ones allowed to carry that name in Europe. However the United States did not sign that treaty in 1958, so they do not agree with this. They have decided that it was no longer necessary for them to have a trademark settlement to develop the American Budweiser business in Euro pe. They decided t... Free Essays on Anheuiser Busch Vs. Budvar Free Essays on Anheuiser Busch Vs. Budvar Anheiser Bush Vs Budvar Introduction Anheuser-Busch has been the nation’s largest brewer for more than 40 years. In the mid-1800’s Adolphus Busch became familiar with the beers of a small Bohemian town called Budweis. After emigrating into the United States he married into the Anheuser brewing family. In the 1870’s Adolphus Busch registered Budweiser as a trademark in the U.S. Adolphus Busch dubbed his company’s Budweiser â€Å"the king of beers.† Budweiser is a registered trademark of the St. Louis-based Anheuser-Busch, which is the world’s largest brewing company. In recent years Anhauser-Busch has faced increased competition in the U.S. market. As a result of this increased competition the company has been looking overseas for growth and increased profits. Budweis is a small brewing town in the Czech republic. The town has a 700-year-old history of beer brewing. The brewing company Budvar of Budejovice registered Budweiser as a trademark i n Europe in 1895. Budvar’s Budweiser is considered by beer experts to be a greater beer than the American Budweiser. Czechs are very proud of the Budvar brewery and considers its beer to be a national treasure. In the days before a global marketplace, the American Budweiser and the Czech Budweiser have never really competed with each other. However, in the 1990’s with increased global competition in the beer market, this dispute over who actually owns the Budweiser name takes on increased importance. According to a 1958 agreement signed by the Czech government, brand names that denote geographic origin are protected. So the Czech government which owns Budweiser believes that they should be the only ones allowed to carry that name in Europe. However the United States did not sign that treaty in 1958, so they do not agree with this. They have decided that it was no longer necessary for them to have a trademark settlement to develop the American Budweiser business in Euro pe. They decided t...

Free Essays on John Dewey

what Dewey calls intelligence is an extremely malleable, finely tuned habit witch functions to better the organisms relation to its environment. Basically intelligence is a habit that steps in when other more routine habits fail to perform. Because the environment is continually changing habits require adjustment and ... Free Essays on John Dewey Free Essays on John Dewey John Dewey (1859-1952) John Dewey lived from 1859 to 1952, he was born and raised in Vermont. He graduated from the University of Vermont and received his PhD from Johns Hopkins University. He taught at the University of Chicago, ware his ideas of â€Å"Learning by doing† started to gather interest. Dewey’s work can be loosely identified as â€Å"Pragmatic†, and was influenced by the likes of Peirce and James. Dewey called his form of pragmatism â€Å"Instrumentalism† witch was an attempt to deal with metaphysical and epistemological issues. Dewey believed that all knowledge is â€Å"practical† and refuted that intuition is knowledge. He came to the conclusion that philosophy in all senses is impossible. Dewey believed that eternal truth can not be attained through intelligence, but intelligence can effectively deal with pressing social and political problems when it is rightly understood and applied. A main point of interest for Dewey was men and women’s practical problems, for this he used a form of social psychology, in witch he dealt with three main factors: Habit, Impulse, and Intelligence. Habit he points out is basically a â€Å"mechanism for dealing with recurrent classes of stimuli. He explains that their are two types of habit: intelligent and routine. So basically put a habit is a â€Å"function† between an organism and an environment in witch life is furthered and maintained. An impulse is the starting point from witch a habit is learned and or developed, in other words a habit is nothing more than a well developed impulse. Just as habit is to impulse, intelligence is to habit. In other words what Dewey calls intelligence is an extremely malleable, finely tuned habit witch functions to better the organisms relation to its environment. Basically intelligence is a habit that steps in when other more routine habits fail to perform. Because the enviro nment is continually changing habits require adjustment and ...

Quantative Methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantative Methods - Research Paper Example berg poll to study the music piracy in the US, and a sample of N = 1650 with a proportion sample of n = 839 representing a variable group of ages 12 to 17 and 811 representing sample = 811 (Duhigg, 2006). A sampling error which is the difference in population and the results indicated in the sample, E =  ± 3% (Ron Larson, 2015). The population selected to participate on the survey was 4466 and the respondent had to respond using internet, that’s an indication that the data left out a good proportion of candidates who could have qualified but did have internet access thus an avenue of biasness. Only 43% of the selected sample responded indicating that the survey had a poor turn-out thus the data can be biased. The questionnaire was mainly qualitative and from the data we the sponsors can use to lobby more funds to fight copy-wrongs in the US, media can use it to create awareness and the legal fraternity can use it to gauge the level of biting teeth the copyright laws in curbi ng the menace. A random survey was conducted in the US to evaluate the president’s image in relation to how he manages the government effectively. A sample N= 1015 was interviewed on telephone with a population proportion samples of 50% both on cellphones and landline with sampling error  ± 4% at 95% CI (Newport, 2015). The study focus on adults aged 18 and above, the survey does not indicate the number of the population sample selected and only gives the sample that qualified to be tested. The data can be biased as it did not cater the adults who don’t have telephone access, according to Pew Research Center (Pew Research Center, 2014), 10% of US adults of 18 years and older don’t have access to telephone and 40% of homes in the US don’t have access of landline (Channick, 2014). Further the respondent answering questions can be of below 18 years as there is no way to verify the age of the respondent thus biasness (Waters, 2011). The data was qualitative, media can use the data in

Compare and contrast two film genres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare and contrast two film genres - Essay Example The storyline in anime starts from a well-developed plot and progresses with complexity that is rarely found in animations. As such, anime develops its storyline through numerous episodes or as many episodes as necessary to convey the entire story and develop the plot (Yumeka, 2009). In anime, the characters change periodically through the entire series and episodes to convey the storyline leading to a conclusion. The complications presented in the story and in anime tend to draw their viewers as the long progression, time spent connecting the dots between the characters, and activities are captivating. The episodes, which are continuous offer breaks in anime to consolidate the concepts presented, and even the storyline, as long as the integrity of the story is maintained. On the other hand, animation lacks this episodic representation of the storyline on a wide scale as it prevents animation from being a long running series. The presentation of characters as static beings in the ani mation creates a state of boredom following the high level of predictability affiliated with animation. This is as opposed to changes in character found in anime since the characters are dynamic, the influence the storyline to be dynamic, as well. It is through this that animation lacks or fails to generate a massive following for its storyline since it tends to be short and suffers from lack of progressive creativity. In addition, the storyline or plot in the case of anime goes much deeper than animation to offer a detailed representation of the themes and characters on offer. It is because of this that the complexity of the anime storyline beats the cliche line that animations offer, especially on being funny and eliciting humor cliche to viewers (colpolbear, 2012). Complexity in anime ensures that the audience is gripped by the story, and that as mentioned earlier, every move remains unpredictable, which is maintained and ensured by the length and dynamism of the characters. In a ddition, in animation, there is sustained simplicity in the plot, which is further defined to follow a conventional pattern (articlebase, 2006). This pattern is what is labeled as cliche and few animations attempt to go beyond it, which anime beats to pulp by running complex scripts and sustaining their unpredictable nature. Animations focus on heroism and concepts of good and evil, as well as humor, which is mean to set the audience to burst out laughing. The concept of good people and bad people is featured extensively in animation as part of the storyline promoting heroism. Abstract concepts and ideas are generated, in anime, to represent any possible situation that one can think of including the unthinkable for the audience. This can be seen through the integration of concepts such as politics, religion, humanity and even fantasy that are found in to father plot development and bring to light certain ideas in an educational light. This is just the opposite for animation as the m ain idea is fun, fun and more fun for the viewer and audience, which is directed at entertaining them. Concerning characters, anime and animation in film differ a lot as each has its own of presenting their characters and their roles. Animations tend to have three characters, and the rest only play supporting roles for

International Management College Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Management College - Assignment Example Being open at the very outset will help set the mindset of the workforce, who would then be able to work with a clear set of requirements (both at an individual as well as at the organizational level). 3. Educate the workers on modern industry: the new manager also has to ensure that the Chinese workers are well-educated about changes in work practices and the way in which modern industry is profit oriented. This will pave the way for bringing out any opinions on the part of the workers, which may be addressed well in time. Such issues generally require that the manager be skilled enough so as not to offend the sentiments of the Chinese workers, which requires that the manager have prior exposure to Chinese culture and the way things need to be said and done under it. 4. Motivate workers: the new manager can help further the interests of the company by offering performance based incentives in the form of financial benefits. This requires that the manager monitor the performance of every worker and keep track of those who are performing better in comparison to others. Other sources of motivation such as promotions etc. also work a long way in this regard. 5. 5. Encourage feedback and suggestions from workers: the manager must understand the fact that it is the worker who spends most of the time in the manufacturing process, and as such has a better knowledge of how the production can be improved within the existing framework. Typical examples in this regard could be scenarios whereas certain stages of production are underutilized and others are unable to cope up with the supply and demand. Under such situations, it is the workers who can offer better suggestions. Gathering such information requires that the manager establish effective communication with the workers and make efforts to obtain feedback from them on a regular basis. CHANGES TO COMPENSATION PACKAGE Keeping in view that the manager is supposed to work in a foreign country; two important changes to the compensation package are suggested. The first and the foremost change to the compensation package would be decide the salary amount depending on the personal income tax rates of the country where the manager is supposed to work (China in this case). This is extremely crucial as tax rates vary from country to country and having a fair idea of the tax rates for a particular country is absolutely important in order to cut down on the costs (incurred in sending the expatriate to another country, which is substantially more than hiring local managers in China). Secondly, changes have to be made to the compensation package to accommodate the expenditure incurred for the purpose of schooling. This is because of the fact that the children of expatriates most likely would prefer an international school, which is quite costly in almost any city. As such, considering these costs is quite imp ortant while deciding upon the compensation package. REFERENCES 1. Geoffrey W. Latta (2006), the Future of Expatriate Compensation. Found at:

Capital Punishment and Complainants Essay Example for Free

Capital Punishment and Complainants Essay This paper will comment on the significant decision of the Honble Supreme Court in Vikas Deshpande v Bar Council of India,1 dismissing the appeal by an advocate who was banned from practicing and fined by the Bar Council of India for gross professional misconduct. The comment will take a look at the facts that constituted the misconduct and the possible reasons behind the Supreme Courts decision. Case Comment Facts in Brief In this case, an appeal was filed by Vikas Deshpande, advocate, hereinafter referred to as the appellant, under Section 38 of the Advocates Act, 1961 for short the Act against the final order passed by the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India. By the impugned order the Bar Council of India permanently debarred the appellant from practising as an advocate for the commission of a grave professional misconduct and also imposed the cost of Rs. 25,000. Ramrao Chandoba Jadhav, Vidyadhar Ramrao Jadhav, and Chandrakant Ramdeo Jadhav (all deceased), hereinafter referred to as the complainants, were prosecuted for committing murder of six persons on 16th December, 1990. As they were extremely poor, they asked the Court to appoint a lawyer to represent them free of cost as amicus curiae. Sessions Court after trial found the complainants guilty of the offence charged with and awarded them death penalty by an order dated 30th August, 1991. On the same date the appellant contacted the complainants in Yervada Central Prison where they were lodged. Appellant took the copies of the judgment from the complainants and obtained their thumb impression and signatures on the Vakalatnama to prefer an appeal in the High Court of Bombay at Aurangabad Bench. Appellant told the complainants that he would not be charging any fee as he was doing this to make a name for himself. On 10th October, 1991 appellant visited the Yervada Central Prison again and obtained their signatures on some stamp papers. The deed was not read over to the complainants nor were the contents made known to them. Complainants signed and put their thumb impression on the documents in good faith. In January, 1992 the High Court dismissed the appeal of the complainants and confirmed the death sentence and subsequently complainants were hanged to death. On 16th February, 1992, appellant met the complainants in Yervada Central Prison again and told them that he had sold their land on the basis of power of attorney executed in his favour by them authorising him to sell the land. That he had appropriated the money received by him towards his fees. Further the appellant asked the complainants to authorise him to prefer an appeal to the Supreme Court which they declined. Thereafter the complainants filed a complaint with the Chairman, State Bar Council to the effect that the appellant who was practising as an advocate at Nanded, Maharashtra committed an act which amounted to professional misconduct within the meaning of Section 35 of the Advocates Act and for the said act disciplinary action be taken. They had requested for the appointment of an advocate as amicus curiae to defend them to leave their property for the surviving members of the family in case the complainants were sentenced to death. They stated that they had never authorised the appellant to sell their land. That the appellant had played fraud on them and sold the property on the basis of the alleged power of attorney obtained by him through misrepresentation. Appreciating the seriousness of the complaint made by the complainants, State Bar Council took suo motu cognizance and issued notice to the appellant who filed his reply. He described himself to be an expert criminal lawyer as he had conducted many sessions trials and appeals. It was pleaded by him that he had also engaged some other lawyers as well and he was trying his best to pay the fees of the said advocates by selling the land of the complainants. It was further stated that on the request of the complainants on 30th August, 1991 he accepted the vakalatnama on behalf of the complainants on an oral agreement that the complainants would pay Rs. 50,000 to the appellant for conducting the confirmation case and the appeal before the High Court, for which they authorised him to dispose of their land to recover and appropriate the money received. That out of 16 acres of land owned by the complainants the appellant had sold only 6 acres and 30 gunthas of land to meet the expenses. Another fact which needs to be mentioned is that the government valuation of the land was 1,35,000 but the appellant had settled the final consideration at Rs. 75,000 out of which Rs. 30,000 was paid at the time of the agreement to sell and the remaining amount was to be paid before 1st March, 1992. Later on a sum of Rs. 17,000 was paid to the appellant. The remaining amount of Rs. 28,000 could not be obtained by the appellant as the power of attorney executed in his favour was cancelled by the complainants. The complaint was taken cognizance of and the matter was referred to the Disciplinary Committee of the State Bar Council. Vidhyadhar, complainant no. 2, was examined on oath. He, in his deposition, reiterated the what had been stated by him in his complaint. He specifically stated that he and his two other associated had not executed any power of attorney in favour of the appellant authorising him to sell their land and appropriate the sale consideration towards his fees. That their signatures had been obtained on blank papers. That the power of attorney had been obtained by misrepresenting the facts in order to defraud them. This witness was cross-examined but nothing of substance could be brought out from his cross-examination. As the State Bar Council could not complete the proceedings within a period of one year, the complaint was transferred to the Bar Council of India under section 36B of the Act. The matter was entrusted for further action to the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India. In spite of repeated notices sent to the appellant which were duly served on him (four times) the appellant did not put in appearance. The proceedings were continued ex-parte. The Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India found the appellant guilty of soliciting brief from the complainants and obtaining their signatures and thumb impressions on certain documents on the basis of which power of attorney was executed in his favour authorising him to sell the land of the complainants. It was found that the appellant had failed to prove that the complainants had executed the power of attorney in his favour to sell the land. It was also held that the appellant had failed to prove that his fees at the relevant time to conduct the criminal appeal was settled at Rs. 50,000. That he has failed to prove that he was entitled to and justified in recovering the fees by selling the land belonging to the complainants. The Disciplinary Committee found the appellant guilty of gross professional misconduct as defined under Section 35 of the Advocates Act and directed the State Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa to remove the name of the appellant from the roll of the Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa under section 35(3d) of the Act. Cost of Rs. 25,000 were imposed and made payable to the heirs of the complainants because by that time the complainants had already been put to death in execution of the sentence imposed on them. A lien was created on the property of the appellant for the recovery of costs. Decision of the Honble Supreme Court The judgement of the division bench of the Apex Court, consisting of justices VN Khare and A Bhan, was to dismiss the appeal without costs The judges saw no merit in the appeal for the following reasons: 1. There was no substance in the submission made by the appellant that he could not be proceeded ex-parte. It was evident to the judges from the perusal of the record that there were four acknowledgements on the record which showed that the appellant had been duly served four times and in spite of the notices having been served on the appellant he did not choose to appear before the Disciplinary Committee at any point of time. The Disciplinary Committee had no other option but to hear the matter. 2. The Secretary of the State Bar Council, who was appointed as a prosecutor, also did not lead any evidence because in the meantime all the three complainants were hanged in execution of the sentence imposed on them. The only evidence which remained and which had come on the record is the statement of Vidhyadhar, complainant. Vidhyadhars testimony fully established the charge of professional misconduct against the appellant. 3. The Court agreed with the findings recorded in the impugned order. The appellant failed to lead any evidence to displace the testimony of Vidhyadhar to the effect that the appellant had solicited a brief for himself from them and they had not executed any power of attorney in his favour for the purpose of the sale of their land. He had obtained signatures and thumb impressions of the complainants on some documents. Without informing complainants a power of attorney was got executed in favour of the appellant to sell of the land. 4. The power of attorney was obtained by the appellant on misrepresentation. In pursuance of the alleged power of attorney in his favour the appellant sold the land of the complainants fraudulently. 5. It was also established that fees of the appellant had not been settled at Rs. 50,000. He was neither entitled nor justified in selling the land of the complainants on the basis of the alleged power of attorney for the recovery of his fees. Had the intention of the complainants been to sell the land then they would not have requested for appointment of an amicus curiae to defend them before the Sessions Court. Thus, in the Honble Apex Courts opinion, the appellant took advantage of the situation that the complainants facing death sentence and obtained the power of attorney on misrepresentation in his favour and sold the property of the complainants. Further, the appellant fraudulently appropriated the sale proceeds for his gain. He has committed a grave professional misconduct. SUMMARISE WHAT HAVE TO SAY Professional Misconduct Blacks Law dictionary defines misconduct as transgression of some established and definite rule of action, a forbidden act, a dereliction of duty, an unlawful behaviour, improper or wrong behaviour etcetera. 2 Justice Darling defined professional misconduct in the following words, If it is shown that an advocate in the pursuit of his profession has done something with regard to it which would be reasonably regarded as disgraceful or dishonourable The Advocates Act, 1981, also does not lay down the definition of misconduct. In a 2004 case, the Apex Court further clarified that it would be difficult to lay down exhaustively what would constitute misconduct and indiscipline. 3 However, that decision had not been passed at the time of deciding of the present case, and the judges had to rely on their discretion as best they could. In order to do so, they relied on their common sense. An advocate ought not to act in an unlawful manner with respect to his or her client. Especially in criminal matters, the life and death of the accused might depend on the skill and will of the advocate. If the advocate decides to deliberately fight the case in a languid fashion, he can easily ensure that his clients die. In the present case, the advocate stood to gain much from the death of his clients, as they would be unable to deny the fact that they had agreed to let him sell their property and appropriate the proceeds as his fee. Their legal heirs would be unable to oppose this fact and he would easily get the money they were entitled to. Under such suspicious circumstances, the advocates selling of the clients property without their consent or knowledge certainly amounts to professional misconduct. DISCUSS PREVIOUS LEGAL ETHICS CASES DISCUSS EVIDENCE POSSIBLE REASONS FOR COURTS DECISION QUOTE FINAL PARA IN INDIRECT FORM Conclusion The Court was right in not reversing the decision of the Bar Council of India in the appeal. The relationship between an advocate and his client is of trust and therefore sacred. Such acts of professional misconduct and the frequency with which such acts are coming to light distresses as well have to be curbed. Preservation of the mutual trust between the advocate and the client is a must otherwise the prevalent judicial system in the country would collapse and fail. Such acts do not only affect the lawyers found guilty of such acts but erode the confidence of the general public in the prevalent judicial system. It is more so, because today recruitment to the Bench is from the Bar starting from the subordinate judiciary to the higher judiciary. You cannot find honest and hard working judges unless you find honest and hard working lawyers in their chambers. To quote the judges themselves, Time has come when the Society in general, respective Bar Council of the States and the Judges should take note of the warning bells and take remedial steps and nip the evil or the curse, if we may say so, in the bud. 4 Thus, this case was a fitting reminder of the long reach of the law, from which even advocates are not exempt, regardless of what they might believe to the contrary.